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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS);faqs.124
Q. WHAT ABOUT COPYRIGHT ISSUES?
A. Currently, wireless cable systems have assumed that they may use a
compulsory license to pay for copyright issues (similar to what cable
companies do today). A compulsory license enables systems to
re-transmit broadcast signals for a pre-established fee to compensate
producers of TV programs. The copyright office recently announced that
wireless cable is NOT a cable system, therefore, these systems may not
use compulsory licenses. They have decided, though, that wireless cable
systems may continue to use the compulsory license for two years (I will
try to get an exact date). I have heard of some legislation that may
allow small cable companies and wireless cable companies to use a
compulsory license for up to 11 years. I don't think that anything has
happened with this bill yet, though. Hopefully, there will be more
legislation on this point.
Q. WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF MMDS?
A. It is a fairly new service that developed from MDS (multi-point
distribution service) which could only send one or two channels.
Originally, the FCC thought MDS would be used primarily to send business
data. However, since MDS's creation in the early 70's, the service has
become increasingly popular in sending entertainment programming.
Because the FCC does not regulate the content of the transmission,
alternative uses would not be prohibited.
Q. HOW DOES MMDS WORK COMMERCIALLY?
A. A MMDS licensee, which is similar to a broadcast station owner, leases
transmission time to programmers on a first-come, first-served basis.
The programmers, in turn, are responsible for designing and selling
their programs to the subscriber.
A MMDS applicant can choose to operate as a common carrier. In the
telecommunications industry, a common carrier also may provide services
such as audio only transmissions, telephone, or data.
If a MMDS licensee is currently operating as a common carrier, the FCC
requires that the licensee and the programmer not be related or
affiliated. A common carrier offers transmission service for hire and
cannot control program material or serve primarily its other business
interests.
A MMDS applicant can alternatively choose to operate as a non-common
carrier. This scenario in effect would constitute a non-common carrier
wireless cable system.
Q. HOW DO I APPLY FOR THE FREQUENCIES?
A. First, you should contact the FCC and get the proper applications. This
includes the following forms:
FCC form 430 - Licensee qualification report
FCC form 494 - Application for a new or modified microwave radio
station license under Part 21
FCC form 701 - Application for additional time to construct a radio
station (Just in case something happens!)
FCC form 494A - Certification of completion of construction
THE FCC HAS CURRENTLY PLACED A FREEZE ON ALL NEW APPLICATIONS UNTIL THEY
CAN PROCESS THE BACKLOG AND SETUP NEW PROCEDURES TO DEAL WITH ALL OF THE
NEW APPLICATIONS. They say they were getting about 1,000 applications a
month!
Q. HOW ARE LICENSEES SELECTED?
A. When more than one application using the same E or F group of
frequencies is accepted for filing proposing a multichannel MDS station
in the same service area, the Commission will use a lottery (random
selection) to award a conditional license. Minority preference and/or
diversity preference may be claimed by the applicant. The factors used
to determine if an applicant qualifies for either type of preference are
explained in Section V of FCC Form 346. When more than one application
using channel 1, 2 or 2A in the same service area is filed, the
Commission will use a comparative hearing to award a conditional license
(construction authorization).
Charles Gratch, who heads applications processing in FCC's Domestic
Facilities Div., said he often tells callers that they don't need a
license to enter the wireless cable field; he advises them to find
licensees who can't put together a system and try to collect enough
channels to start a business, eliminating long and speculative lottery
processes. Even with new rules approved by the FCC (TVD Oct 15 p5),
challenges to develop wireless cable, particularly if there's an
existing cable system, will be formidable, Schmidt said. Wireless cable
services also could face increasing competition from satellites, he
said.
Q. WHAT IS THE RANGE OF WIRELESS CABLE?
A. Wireless cable systems usually get a range of 25-30 miles (this depends
on the terrain, as the transmitting and receiving antennas must be line-
of-site). This may make it feasible in rural areas.
Q. WHAT ARE THE COSTS OF A NEW STATION?
A. According to a couple of books and magazine articles that I have read,
the cost to build a wireless cable station is much less than that of a
regular cable system. This is because cables don't have to be strung
all over town. In comparison to the cost of cable, a 10-watt
transmitter only costs about $17,000. When combined with the antenna
structure and monitoring, switching, and originating equipment, it costs
about $150,000. (These are 1988 figures and they do not consider the
costs for antennas and downconverters). Because of the low initial
investment costs, it is possible for wireless cable systems to charge
less than their regular cable counter-parts.
According to one article in Forbes Magazine, "Since March of last year,
Charles Mauszycki's tiny Family Entertainment Network (1989 revenues,
$564,000) has signed up 1,200 of Sioux Falls' 8,000 outlying homes for
its wireless cable system. Cost:$17.95 a month for basic cable, plus
$9.95 a month for Showtime. Mauszycki says that the system, less than
one year old, already has positive cash flow." This particular system
was set up in a rural farming community that did not already have cable
service. Mr. Mauszycki spent about $800,000 to build his system. This
is less than $700 per subscriber. The article also mentions that if
penetration reached 40%, then the incremental cost of adding the
subscribers would bring the cost of the system down to just under $500
per subscriber. To put these figures in perspective, it costs regular
cable systems an average of $2,300 per subscriber. (Forbes Magazine,
February 19, 1990. "The wireless wonder" by Fleming Meeks)
According to the Wireless Cable Association, a complete headend should
cost no more than $1.7 million. Usually, you can lower this cost
considerably.
Q. IS WIRELESS CABLE EQUIPMENT RELIABLE?
A. Several excellent manufacturers produce antennas and downconverters for
signal reception and decoder boxes that sit on the customer's television
which are connected by coaxial cable to the roof antenna.
Because the signal is broadcast over the air, it is more reliable than
conventional cable and the quality is better than or equal to ordinary
cable. Extreme weather conditions do not affect wireless cable's
transmitters, so their customers will never experience the outages that
are so common in conventional cable.
Q. WHAT ABOUT SECURITY?
A. Absolute signal security is provided by encoding each wireless cable
channel and equipping the converter with a decoding device that responds
to a pilot signal carrying a data stream with authorization
instructions. Thus, the system is totally addressable. No converter
box will have any utility unless it is authorized for service by the
central computer. All channels, both Basic and Premium, are hard
scrambled. Because the wireless cable system is addressable, it also
can accommodate pay-per-view service.
Q. HOW ARE WIRELESS CABLE SYSTEMS REGULATED?
A. The FCC has specifically preempted local regulation of wireless cable
frequencies, asserting that it is interstate commerce. There is no
basis for local regulation of the wireless signal. Unlike cable, no
public rights of way are used, and all transmission and reception
equipment is on private property. Furthermore, the antennas are so
similar to regular television antennas that there can be no basis for
zoning restriction.
Q. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF WIRELESS CABLE TO THE CUSTOMER?
A. Availability: Wireless Cable is available to subscribers NOW, whereas
traditional cable can't or won't be for years to come.
Reliability & Quality: Wireless Cable is not subject to traditional
cable's outages or signal degradation. Picture quality is as good or
better than coaxial cable.
Affordability: Wireless Cable offers affordable programming packages
and is priced below or competitively with traditional cable.
IN SHORT, WIRELESS CABLE IS THE NEXT GENERATION OF CABLE TELEVISION
PROVIDING THE BEST IN SATELLITE CABLE PROGRAMMING, AVAILABLE NOW, AND AT
LOWER COST.
Q. IS THERE AN INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION?
A. Wireless cable operators, license holders, and equipment/service
suppliers have formed the Wireless Cable Association. Among its
activities the WCA has established a set of industry standards, both
business and technical. The WCA has also made the industry's concerns
known on Capitol Hill and at Federal agencies such as the FCC, NTIA,
OTA and DOJ. Current legislative efforts are focused on securing right
of access to programming services. The WCA has also opened channels of
communication with organizations such as the National League of Cities,
NATOA, MPAA and the Association of State Attorneys General.
Q. I SAW ONE OF THOSE 'INFOMERCIALS' ABOUT WIRELESS CABLE. ARE THESE
COMPANIES LEGIT?
A. While some of these companies may be legit, there are some things that
they don't disclose. Because of this, two companies have had temporary
restraining orders placed against them. A judge has placed some of the
following restrictions on them.
1. They may no longer state that applicants are "virtually guaranteed"
of winning a license in the FCC lottery or that most wireless cable
licenses are "highly valuable."
2. "There may be substantial delays in the awarding of any MMDS
[Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System] license due to the
length of time the FCC takes to process MMDS applications and award
MMDS licenses."
3. That financing for wireless cable systems is hard to get, "given the
relatively new nature of this field of technology and that such
financing may require additional funds of the customer's own money
as a condition" to obtaining system.
4. Provide a new "Risk Disclosure" statement that applicants must sign
before sale is completed. This statement informs applicants, among
other items, that any representations of value of systems are
opinions and not actual values, that the winner of a MMDS lottery
wins only 4 channels and that there may be competition with
satellite, VCR, and other media.
Temporary Restraining Orders have been placed on, or have been filed
against: 1) Applied Telemedia Engineering and Management (A-TEAM) and
2) Applied Cable Technologies (ACT). If you deal with any type of
application preparation firm, be very careful and read EVERYTHING.
Other companies that MAY be questionable include Communications
Engineering Management Services (CEMS), Decaxo Capital, Techno Source,
and Western Wireless. These companies have management that were
involved in a company selling cellular licenses. This company was
forced out of business by the FCC for misleading customers. Other
questionable companies include MMDS Technologies, Metro Communications
Group, and Tele-Wave Technology. I have not heard anything about any
other application preparation firm.
Also, take note that there is a freeze on all applications at this time
and the FCC is currently changing what type of data will be needed for
the application.
Also, please note the following public notice issued by the FCC:
****************************************************************************
Public Notice - 13244 - May 24, 1991
DOMESTIC FACILITIES DIVISION ADVISORY FOR MULTICHANNEL MULTIPOINT
DISTRIBUTION SERVICE APPLICANTS
It has come to our attention that application preparation firms are
offering settlement opportunities to Multichannel Multipoint Distribution
Service (MMDS) applicants as part of their application preparation services.
Applicants may not enter into a settlement agreement prior to having their
application placed on public notice as accepted for filing. Until an
application has been accepted for filing, it may be returned as unacceptable
and thus would not be eligible to be included in the lottery for a
particular market. An application which is ineligible to be included in a
lottery is not eligible to be included in a settlement group and could not
be counted towards the cumulative chances awarded to a settlement group. 47
U.S.C. S309(i), 47 C.F.R. S21.33(b).
Moreover, each person entering into a settlement group must demonstrate
that the MMDS application was filed without the intention of entering into a
settlement group. Each individual applicant for MMDS must be the real party
in interest of its application. 47 C.F.R. SS21.13(a)(1), 21.33.
Any questions may be addressed to Susan Magnotti, Domestic Radio Branch,
(202)-634-1773.
-FCC-
****************************************************************************
Q. WHO DO I CONTACT FOR MORE INFORMATION?
A. FCC
Common Carrier Bureau
Washington, DC 20554
(202) 634-1706
Wireless Cable Association International, Inc.
2000 L Street, NW Suite 702
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 452-7823
---------------
EQUIPMENT:
There are several companies that provide equipment and consulting services.
If you are interested in this, you may want to pick up the latest copy of
The Broadcasting Yearbook or Multichannel News. These can be found at most
large libraries.
Also, I would strongly suggest calling the FCC and the WCA and ask for more
information.
---------------
For additions, clarifications, corrections, or if you just have a few
questions, please feel free to e-mail me.
DISCLAIMER: I have no affiliation with any MMDS, MDS, DBS, ITFS, OFS,
Radio, Television, broadcast station, or regular cable system. I am
definitely not an expert in any of these areas. I have tried, to the best
of my ability, to interpret and relay the most accurate and up to date
information. However, I do not guarantee the accuracy of this information
as some of my sources may be biased or incorrect.
B. J. Catlin
.
Newsgroups: comp.windows.x.intrinsics,comp.windows.x,news.answers
Path: bloom-picayune.mit.edu!enterpoop.mit.edu!usc!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!cis.ohio-state.edu!oboe.cis.ohio-state.edu!ware
From: ware@oboe.cis.ohio-state.edu (Peter Ware)
Subject: comp.windows.x.intrinsics Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Message-ID: <FAQ-Xt_723479548@oboe.cis.ohio-state.edu>
Followup-To: comp.windows.x.intrinsics
Summary: Answers about the X11 Window System widgets and Xt Intrinsics library
Sender: news@cis.ohio-state.edu (NETnews )
Supersedes: <FAQ-Xt_718402537@oboe.cis.ohio-state.edu>
Reply-To: ware@cis.ohio-state.edu
Organization: The Ohio State University Dept. of Computer and Info. Science
Date: Fri, 4 Dec 1992 14:32:40 GMT
Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
Expires: Fri, 15 Jan 1993 14:32:28 GMT
Lines: 1347
Archive-name: Xt-FAQ
Version: $Id: FAQ-Xt,v 1.18 92/12/04 09:29:38 ware Exp $
The X Toolkit Intrinsics F.A.Q
A monthly posting
This article contains the answers to some Frequently Asked Questions
(FAQ) from comp.windows.x about the X Toolkit Intrinsics. To submit
questions (preferably with an answer) send email to: ware@cis.ohio-state.edu
All code fragments are public domain.
Contents
0. Xt Glossary
1. Software Versions
2. Related FAQ's
3. Why does my application core dump when I use signals/alarms/cthreads?
4. How do I use a different visual than the default?
5. Which visual should an application use?
6. Why do only Shell widgets have a Visual?
7. Which visual, depth and colormap do Shells inherit?
8. I've done all the above and I still get a BadMatch error. Why?
9. Why doesn't my widget get destroyed when I call XtDestroyWidget()?
10. How do I exit but still execute the DestroyCallbacks?
11. How do I resize a Shell widget?
12. Why can't XtAppAddInput() handle files?
13. What good books and magazines are there on Xt?
14. What Widgets are available?
15. What alternatives to the Intrinsics are there?
16. How do I pass a float value to XtSetValues?
17. +++How do I write a resource converter?
18. How do I open multiple displays?
19. What changed from R3 to R4 to R5?
20. Where are the resources loaded from?
21. What order are callbacks executed in?
22. How do I know if a widget is visible?
23. How do I reparent a widget in Xt, i.e. XtReparentWidget()?
24. Why use XtMalloc, XtFree, etc?
25. How to debug an Xt application?
The "+++" indicates the question needs more of an answer.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
0. Xt Glossary
----------------------------------------------------------------------
o The Xt Intrinsics implement an object oriented interface to C code
to allow useful graphical components to be created. Included with
this are classes that provide the base functionality: Object,
RectObj, Core, Composite, Constraint, Shell, OverrideShell, WMShell,
etc. The terms "Xt" and "Intrinsics" are used interchangeably,
however, they are used very precisely to mean a specific library of the X
window system. In particular, it does not include the Athena,
Motif, OLIT or any other widget set. Without further widgets the
Intrinsics are not especially useful.
o A widget refers to a user interface abstraction created via Xt. The
precise use, is any object that is a subclass of the Core class. It
is used loosely to refer to anything that is a subclass of the
Object class although these are more accurately called windowless
widgets or gadgets.
o Xlib is the C interface to the X11 protocol. It is one layer below
the Xt Intrinsics. Typically a widget uses relatively few Xlib
functions because Xt provides most such services although an
understanding of Xlib helps with problems.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Software Versions
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The following are the latest versions of Xt based software:
_____________________________________________________________
Software Version Released Next Expected
_____________________________________________________________
X11R4 patch 18 (none)
X11R5 patch 17 8/27/92 ??
Athena Widgets (see X11R5)
Motif 1.2.1 9/92 ??
OLIT ?? ?? ??
Xtra 2.5 6/15/92 ??
Xw X11R4 (none)
Xcu X11R5 (none)
fwf 3.2 6/08/92 ??
_____________________________________________________________
----------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Related FAQ's
----------------------------------------------------------------------
David B. Lewis (uunet!craft!faq) maintains the FAQ on X. It
is posted monthly on comp.windows.x and located on export in contrib/FAQ.
Liam R. E. Quin (lee@sq.sq.com) posts an FAQ list on Open Look to
comp.windows.x.
Jan Newmarch (jan@pandonia.canberra.edu.au) posts an FAQ list on Motif
to comp.windows.x.motif.
Peter Ware (ware@cis.ohio-state.edu) posts an FAQ list for
comp.windows.x.intrinsics; it is on export in contrib/FAQ-Xt.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Why does my application core dump when I use signals/alarms/cthreads?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
In brief, Xlib, Xt and most widget sets have no mutual exclusion for
critical sections. Any interrupt handler is likely to leave one of
the above libraries in an inconsistent state -- such as all the
appropriate flags not yet set, dangling pointers, in the middle of a
list traversal, etc. Note that the ANSI C standard points out that
behavior of a signal handler is undefined if the signal handler calls
any function other than signal() itself, so this is not a problem
specific to Xlib and Xt; the POSIX specification mentions other
functions which may be called safely but it may not be assumed that
these functions are called by Xlib or Xt functions.
The only safe way to deal with signals is to set a flag in the
interrupt handler. This flag later needs to be checked either by a
work procedure or a timeout callback. It is incorrect to add either
of these in the interrupt handler. As another note, it is dangerous
to add a work procedure that never finishes. This effectively
preempts any work procedures previously added and so they will never
be called. Another option is to open a pipe, tell the event loop
about the read end using XtAppAddInput() and then the signal handler
can write a byte to the write end of the pipe for each signal.
However, this could deadlock your process if the pipe fills up.
Why don't the Intrinsics deal with this problem? Primarily because it
is supposed to be a portable layer to any hardware and operating
system. Is that a good enough reason -- I don't think so.
Note: the article in The X Journal 1:4 and the example in O'Reilly
Volume 6 are in error.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
4. How do I use a different visual than the default?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
This requires a more complicated answer than it should. A window has
three things that are visual specific -- the visual, colormap and
border pixmap. All widgets have their own Colormap and BorderPixmap
resource; only shell widgets have Visual resources (another questions
deals with why shells have a Visual). The default value of these
resources is CopyFromParent which does exactly what it says. In the
shell widget CopyFromParent gets evalulated as DefaultVisualOfScreen
and DefaultColormapOfScreen. When any one of the three resources is
not properly set, a BadMatch error occurs when the window is
created. They are not properly set because each of the values depends
on the visual being used.
How to get this to work? There are two parts to the answer. The
first is if you want an application to start with a particular visual
and the second is if you want a particular shell within an application
to start with a different visual. The second is actually easier
because the basic information you need is available. The first is a
little harder because you'll need to initialize much of the toolkit
yourself in order to determine the needed information.
/*
* Some sample code to start up an application using something other
* than the default visual.
*
* To compile:
* cc -g visual.c -o visual -lXaw -lXmu -lXt -lXext -lX11 -lm
*
* To run:
* ./visual -geometry 300x300 -visual StaticColor -fg blue -bg yellow
*
* you need to move the mouse to get the particular visuals colormap
* to install.
*/
#include <X11/Intrinsic.h>
#include <X11/StringDefs.h>
#include <X11/Shell.h>
typedef struct
{
Visual *visual;
} OptionsRec;
OptionsRec Options;
XtResource resources[] =
{
{"visual", "Visual", XtRVisual, sizeof (Visual *),
XtOffsetOf (OptionsRec, visual), XtRImmediate, NULL},
};
XrmOptionDescRec Desc[] =
{
{"-visual", "*visual", XrmoptionSepArg, NULL}
};
int
main (argc, argv)
int argc;
char **argv;
{
XtAppContext app; /* the application context */
Widget top; /* toplevel widget */
Display *dpy; /* display */
char **xargv; /* saved argument vector */
int xargc; /* saved argument count */
Colormap colormap; /* created colormap */
XVisualInfo vinfo; /* template for find visual */
XVisualInfo *vinfo_list; /* returned list of visuals */
int count; /* number of matchs (only 1?) */
Arg args[10];
Cardinal cnt;
char *name = "test";
char *class = "Test";
/*
* save the command line arguments
*/
xargc = argc;
xargv = (char **) XtMalloc (argc * sizeof (char *));
bcopy ((char *) argv, (char *) xargv, argc * sizeof (char *));
/*
* The following creates a _dummy_ toplevel widget so we can
* retrieve the appropriate visual resource.
*/
cnt = 0;
top = XtAppInitialize (&app, class, Desc, XtNumber (Desc), &argc, argv,
(String *) NULL, args, cnt);
dpy = XtDisplay (top);
cnt = 0;
XtGetApplicationResources (top, &Options, resources,
XtNumber (resources),
args, cnt);
cnt = 0;
if (Options.visual && Options.visual != DefaultVisualOfScreen (XtScreen (top)))
{
XtSetArg (args[cnt], XtNvisual, Options.visual); ++cnt;
/*
* Now we create an appropriate colormap. We could
* use a default colormap based on the class of the
* visual; we could examine some property on the
* rootwindow to find the right colormap; we could
* do all sorts of things...
*/
colormap = XCreateColormap (dpy,
RootWindowOfScreen (XtScreen (top)),
Options.visual,
AllocNone);
XtSetArg (args[cnt], XtNcolormap, colormap); ++cnt;
/*
* Now find some information about the visual.
*/
vinfo.visualid = XVisualIDFromVisual (Options.visual);
vinfo_list = XGetVisualInfo (dpy, VisualIDMask, &vinfo, &count);
if (vinfo_list && count > 0)
{
XtSetArg (args[cnt], XtNdepth, vinfo_list[0].depth);
++cnt;
XFree ((XPointer) vinfo_list);
}
}
XtDestroyWidget (top);
/*
* Now create the real toplevel widget.
*/
XtSetArg (args[cnt], XtNargv, xargv); ++cnt;
XtSetArg (args[cnt], XtNargc, xargc); ++cnt;
top = XtAppCreateShell ((char *) NULL, class,
applicationShellWidgetClass,
dpy, args, cnt);
/*
* Display the application and loop handling all events.
*/
XtRealizeWidget (top);
XtAppMainLoop (app);
return (0);
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Which visual should an application use?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
This is a point that can be argued about but one opinion is there is
no way for an application to know the appropriate visual -- it has to
be specified by the user. If you disagree with this then your
application probably falls into the category of always using the
default visual or it is hardware specific and expects some particular
visual such as 24bit TrueColor with an OverlayPlane extension (or some
such).
Why? No application runs in isolation. Depending on the way a server
allocates resources I may not always want your application to run in
TrueColor mode if it is going to mess up my other applications. I may
be very upset if it chooses to run in GreyScale instead of PsuedoColor
or just monochrome.
As an example, on a low end color Sun server there are many different
possible visuals: monochrome, 256 entry colormap, static gray, static
color, and a 3/3/2 TrueColor. The SGI Iris's offer all the above
plus 12 bit TrueColor, 24 bit TrueColor, an Overlay Plane.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Why do only Shell widgets have a Visual?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
This is strictly by convention. It makes it possible for an arbitrary
widget to know that the visual it uses can be found by looking for the
shell widget that is its ancestor and obtaining the visual of that
shell.
A widget can have its own visual resource. If it does, it must have
its own realize method to use the visual when it calls
XCreateWindow(). You should also make this a resource that can be
obtained with XtGetValues() so other widgets can find it. A
reasonable value is probably XtNvisual.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Which visual, depth and colormap do Shells inherit?
----------------------------------------------------------------------